Passage to New Zealand

Our time in Tonga was punctuated with joy and sorrow. We met for the first time the beautiful people of the Kingdom of Tonga and were exposed to a new culture in a developing nation. We had more time to explore a country than we usually do before rushing off to the next one, because we had a month to wait until the weather was good enough for the passage to New Zealand. We caught up with the rest of the American fleet, which had preceded us all the way across the South Pacific, and met crews we hadn’t seen since La Paz, Mexico. We reunited with old friends and made some new ones. But the cloud shadow of a family tragedy darkened what would have been an otherwise sunny time and made me anxious to leave for New Zealand, where we would leave the boat in Patrick’s care for the beginning of cyclone season and I would catch a flight home. We waited patiently for a weather window in which to make the passage. After a month in Tonga, it was time to say our farewells.
  
We planned to head south to the Ha’apai Group to position ourselves further along the route and to take advantage of the next opportunity (after a passing low) to set course for New Zealand. As we left the Vava’u Group, a humpback whale breached twice in front of the boat! During our month in Tonga, we had seen half a dozen humpbacks, but they were always underway and not putting on a display. We didn’t have our cameras at the ready for the breaching humpback, but took some pictures of its later show of tail slapping behavior. The humpback was Vava’u’s farewell gift to us.

Due to the high winds accompanying the tropical depression, we spent our time in the Ha’apai weather bound and confined to the boat. We were unable to explore the active volcano at Tofua Island or snorkel in the area. 

We photographed Tofua on our way out of Tonga

After the cyclone passed, a weather window opened up for the passage to New Zealand; so we spent a day in the village running errands and left on passage the next day. Riding in the dinghy at sunrise on the morning we pulled anchor, headed for a last trip to the Saturday market, I was overwhelmed by the smell of frangipani and became acutely aware that we were leaving the tropics. By the time we returned to the boat, the frequently encountered smell of burning palm fronds---another smell I associate with the tropics---had replaced the fragrant scent of frangipani. Shortly after clearing the harbor, we passed a huge sea turtle swimming along in the opposite direction of Silhouette.  

The passage continued in this vein, with the sea presenting its remembrances like the breaching whale and the sea turtle. It was as if the sea was aware that this was our last passage for many months and was trying to pack all its gifts and glory into one voyage. Dolphin graced our bow for the first time since the Marquesas, and a school of fish ran with the boat under our hull. Flying fish made flights of epic length by day, and meteors arced through the skies by night. The rainbows were all double-rainbows. Silhouette scattered bioluminescent organisms from her bow wave like sparks from a blacksmith’s forge. 

The second rainbow is faint in this picture

Yet the sea, always one to play her cards close to the chest, also continued to offer up new mysteries. We began to travel through fields of pumice, leftover extrusions from a volcanic eruption. 

A light pumice field passed early on

Tonga, in particular, is very tectonically active, as it is located along plate boundaries. (We had earlier experienced a 5.5 magnitude earthquake, whose epicenter was only 28 miles away, while moored at Lape Island. Usually, you can’t feel an earthquake while at sea; but since we were attached to the bottom through the ground tackle of the mooring, I could clearly feel the earthquake that morning.) Along with earthquakes, Tonga is subject to frequent volcanic activity, and reports of new volcanic islands being created and then eroding back into the sea almost as quickly through wave action are not uncommon. The pumice we were seeing now was most likely from a recent undersea eruption http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/NaturalHazards/view.php?id=78849. It occurred in vast patches from latitude 19 degrees to latitude 33 degrees and varied in size from coarse, cat litter-sized particles to chunks the size of small boulders. 

Patrick and I collected some fist-sized pieces of pumice as it passed by the boat. Each miniature floating island was a microcosm! We discovered gooseneck barnacles, tube worms, and diminutive crabs inhabiting their barren volcanic tracts. Tenacious life was everywhere! When I think of the journey those pumice stones took---thrust out of the magma chamber of a volcano in a violent explosion, cooling immediately upon contact with the seawater, drifting wherever the ocean currents carried them, and finally being colonized by minute planktonic larvae, some of which survived to adulthood---I am stupefied. And as for the sea life:  how did these tiny creatures, alive and well on a floating piece of pumice no bigger than my hand, survive the tropical depression that inflicted injury upon so many vessels of larger dimensions?

Pumice island

Detail of pumice crab

As the degrees of latitude ticked off, we became aware of how startingly cool the water felt when we trailed our hands over the side or ran the seawater pump---just as, months ago, we were amazed by the warmth of the tropical sea after the hypothermia-inducing waters of the Pacific Northwest. Nights in the cockpit began to see us wearing more layers, gradually bringing out the fleece, lightweight rain gear, and finally, full foul weather gear, hats, and gloves. I still wore shorts during the day up until the last three days of the passage (which were overcast, windy, and damp), but I traded tank tops for T-shirts and was no longer continually bathed in sweat. It was a relief to be cool again. The sunny, yet brisk days on passage reminded me of summer in Puget Sound.  

Reaching under sunny skies

Since our Pactor modem is defunct and we couldn’t get weather reports in the format we like most, we spent a lot more time on this passage listening to the radio than we usually do. Another reason for more time spent on frequency was because we were in proximity to many boats making the same passage at the same time, another first for us. We tuned into Gulf Harbor Radio out of New Zealand, hosted by David and Patricia from S/V Chameleon, for the passage weather report each morning. (David is a meteorologist.) We reported our position in the late afternoon on the Pacific Seafarer’s Net. We tuned in to the Drifter’s Net in the morning and evening to monitor the positions of other boats around us and to find out what the weather was like up ahead.

News of other crews experiencing their own cloud shadows reached us both before departing Neiafu and during the journey. When we arrived in Neiafu, we were puzzled as to why our friends Jim and Karen’s boat, Sockdolager, was on a mooring buoy in the harbor, while they were nowhere to be seen. We later learned that Karen had been experiencing heart palpitations and, after a nightmarish evaluation in a hospital in Nuku’Alofa, flew to New Zealand for further tests and treatment. Jim accompanied her but later returned to Neiafu to retrieve Sockdolager. He will bring the boat to New Zealand with a close friend accompanying him as crew. Karen and Jim have published their story on their own blog.

I have intentionally omitted the boat and crew names from most of the other incidents recounted here in order to protect peoples’ privacy. One skipper’s mother passed away, and he had to fly home to New Zealand for the funeral, leaving his wife and daughter with the boat in Neiafu. He flew back to Tonga after the funeral, only to turn towards New Zealand a second time, this time under sail. On another vessel, the skipper suffered a heart attack. Poignantly, he died at sea just before reaching his intended destination of Auckland.

When we were about halfway to New Zealand, we heard the report of another casualty on a boat that had run aground on a reef back in the Vava’u Group. The body was badly decomposed, and authorities found 200 kg of cocaine with an Australian street value of $116 million onboard. 

Some loads were lightened by aid from other cruisers. When the co-captain from one boat broke his leg and had to be flown out of the country for treatment, another cruising couple sent their son down to fill in as an additional crew member while the injured man’s wife (and her father) took the boat on to New Zealand. When a boat’s exhaust muffler developed a hole  en route to New Zealand (due to hot gases caused by a failed cooling water pump), and the crew decided to turn back to Nuku’Alofa because they were taking on water through the hole, the fleet pulled together to help them. They were encouraged to continue on to nearby Minerva Reef, where ten to twelve boats lay at anchor. The crews from several boats pitched in to remove the boat’s muffler and fiberglass the hole so that the original crew could carry on. Finally, when the damper plate on another boat’s engine broke---preventing them from being able to use their motor and potentially leaving them stuck in the doldrums for several days---another boat gave them a tow to where there was wind . The two boats traveled in tandem for a couple of days, separating when there was wind in order to sail, and resuming towing and being towed when there was not. (In this case, the crew on the boat being towed had already booked a flight out of New Zealand that they were trying to catch. They also had young children on board and could not afford to drift for a couple of days and then get caught in the next low pressure system.)  

There were some other silver linings. Adventure Bound, the vessel that responded to the aid of the crew in distress, finally made it safely to Opua and received a hero’s welcome from the members of the boating community assembled there. The crew of Moonwalker sailed into the Bay of Islands and their home country for the first time in six years after completing a circumnavigation.

Patrick and I heard most of these stories over the radio as we were on our way to New Zealand. On this passage that is notorious for having too much wind, our problem---as well as that of the other boats traveling at the same time---was that there was too little. Patrick and I chose to do whatever it took to keep the boat moving, so that we could arrive in New Zealand before the next predicted low. Based on our accumulated engine hours, we motored or motor sailed a total of four days out of an eleven day passage.

Our passage remained without incident until the day before we arrived in the Bay of Islands. The weather had turned cloudy and rainy, and the wind and sea conditions had picked up. 

Happy skipper

Wave after passing under the boat

During the last 36 hours of our trip, we had sustained winds of over twenty knots a good portion of the time and 3-4 meter seas. The wind during our last few days on passage had been from a favorable northeast direction, and at one point, we went from a double-reefed main and staysail down to just the staysail because the boat was going so fast. During the afternoon, the wind had clocked around to the southeast, so that we were beating to weather on our course to New Zealand in winds over twenty knots. We forewent our usual watch schedule on our last night at sea, each taking only a brief nap, so that we could both be on deck for sail changes and boat handling. Our forward progress became so slow, and the boat was  pounding into the seas so jarringly, that in lieu of stopping and heaving to, we decided to motor sail in order to keep going.

We started the engine and continued ahead. Suddenly, the engine died. We figured that the fuel pick-up line might have gotten clogged again (which turned out to be the problem the last two times the engine stalled), and Patrick switched to the other fuel tank. The engine started temporarily, and then died again. I took the helm, while Patrick started troubleshooting the engine problem. With the erratic motion of the boat and the rolling sea, he thought that air may have gotten into the pick-up line, causing the engine to stall, so he began to bleed the engine. The bleeding screw from the top of the fuel injector pump broke off when Patrick (hanging upside down over the engine in a rolling three meter sea) tried to loosen it with a long wrench. Now there was no way we could run the engine without squirting diesel all over, so we realized that we were going to have to complete our voyage without an engine.

With the wind we were having, it was not going to be a problem getting to New Zealand, but we were concerned about navigating the channel into Opua in the dark without an engine. As it turned out, we didn’t arrive until dawn due to our slow progress beating south. 

Landfall in Aotearoa

A safe harbor awaits

The Bay of Islands

Silhouette enters the Bay of Islands

As we entered the Bay of Islands, the wind dropped to seven knots or less, and we despaired of losing it entirely and being stalled so close to our goal. Soon it rose back to 12-14 knots and we were making our way down the channel. Once we arrived at the narrowest part of the channel, the wind dropped again. We were hailed over the radio by Tevakenui, who was entering the bay behind us, and generously offered a tow. We wanted to continue under our own power and gratefully declined. By now, the wind had dropped again, and we completed our passage ghosting along under the main and staysail. Patrick steered, while I operated the sheets and traveler as we short-tacked down the narrow channel toward the “Q” (quarantine) dock.

Patrick had been concerned about how he was going to bring Silhouette alongside the dock without an engine (we don’t have a steering oar onboard), but earlier that morning, David from Gulf Harbor Radio gave us a suggestion. He suggested it was possible to call Customs and ask permission to drop anchor near the Q dock instead of docking, and that they would send a dinghy out to clear the boat. This turned out to be what happened, and it saved us a lot of stress and worry. We weaved our way in and out of the boats at anchor until we were able to come alongside the Q dock, then dropped our anchor while under sail. From the dock, we heard a small burst of applause, and looked over to see the crews of Kindred Spirit and Tevakenui. Both vessels had entered the Bay of Islands after us, but both boats reached the Customs dock before us. It was wonderful to receive this warm welcome after the last tiring 36 hours. It had taken as long to travel the last 25 miles to the Bay of Islands and to tack into it as it did to sail the preceding 75 miles before that!

But we weren’t done yet. The Customs and Biosecurity clearances were quick and painless (except for giving up some beautiful fresh tomatoes, which the rough weather had prevented me from turning into spaghetti sauce), but then we had to sail off the anchor. We couldn’t remain where we were, in the channel used by boats coming alongside the Q dock, and had to find a spot in the anchorage. We had planned to stay in the marina for our first week in Opua, but the broken engine precluded that. We sailed off the anchor without incident and soon set the hook in the mud of one of the many yacht mooring areas in the Bay of Islands. We saw some familiar vessels as well as many new boats at anchor:  New Zealand is truly a boater’s paradise. 

The gray mist, dripping rain, and cold temperature made us feel right at home. Entering the temperate zone climate of New Zealand was like coming back to the Pacific Northwest. 

The breakwater at Opua with the Q-dock; Opua Marina is behind the breakwater

Silhouette at anchor in the Bay of Islands:  The green, nutrient-filled water shows that we're not in the tropics anymore and are in an urban environment.

We have been away from Seattle for thirteen months, and between April and November 2012, we completed our first cruising season. Since we belatedly reset the boat odometer in Newport, Oregon (forgetting to do it before we left Seattle), we have put 11,624 miles under the keel. Now, it’s time for a little rest while Silhouette contemplates her next move. Do we have a project list in store for her? Of course we do.              

A Tropical Depression

Now that we have safely arrived in New Zealand, I can make the following post about the tropical disturbance experienced in the Fiji-Tonga region on November 6-8 without worrying my family.
 

November 9, 2012:  Pangai, Lifuka Island, Tonga

 Map courtesy of www.lonelyplanet.com       
                     

We are here in the Ha’apai Group of Tonga, preparing to head southwest to New Zealand. Our first tropical depression has just passed over us and is moving away to the southeast. Although it was a cyclonic (rotating) storm, the winds did not reach cyclone intensity and the storm was not named.
 

The Ha’apai Group has little protection from westerly winds, so different strategies were employed by different vessels to avoid the storm---which would eventually expose us to westerlies. A few boats turned around and traveled the 70 miles back to the protection of the safe harbor in Neiafu. (Some vessels as far south as Tongatapu did the same, and some boats that had already left for New Zealand turned around and went back to Tongatapu for shelter.) Four boats here in the Ha’apai managed to squeeze into the small boat harbor at Pangai by Med (Mediterranean) mooring (tying stern-to the shore and dropping an anchor forward.) One of these boats had to shorten its anchor chain after dragging, when its steering vane rudder banged into the rock wall at its stern, and all the boats in the harbor maintained anchor watches through the night as the crowded harbor allowed no room for error. Another vessel, arriving at Ha’apai late in the day, set their anchor in the anchorage outside the harbor. This boat had the least protection and the most difficulty. Their anchor dragged; they set a second anchor; their snubber broke and finally, their second anchor dragged. They ended up turning on their motor and motoring forward to take the strain off the anchor chain. They managed to hold position this way until the worst of the wind backed off. Then, they moved into the inner harbor with the other four boats.
  

These pictures were taken in the calm the morning after the storm had passed:

Oyaragh, Saltbreaker, Taima, and Ardea - Med moored at Pangai

Off Tempo finally found a safe berth

Because we felt that the harbor was too crowded and would be unsafe, Patrick and I traveled six miles south in Silhouette and anchored in the protection of a sand cay off Tatafa Island (http://goo.gl/maps/AUGJS). There, we received the full force of the wind but were protected from the waves in three directions (including the west) by the cay and by the islands and reef to the east. The bottom was sand and grass with excellent holding and we only set a single anchor, which---in retrospect---was probably a mistake.  We knew the winds were going to clock around, and we were trying to avoid having two anchor chains crossing over each other and getting tangled. In the end, our anchor held, but the maximum wind gust we saw was only 35 knots. If we had gotten the 50+ knot winds received elsewhere, it might have been a different story. (Skipper's Note: We did, however, have a second large anchor at the ready and could have deployed it in moments if required.) Our lowest barometer reading was 999 hPa (hecto-Pascals), which indicates that we were in the center (eye) of the low and not in the direct path of the strongest winds. However, we did receive sustained 30 knot winds for hours on end on November 8. 

                Silhouette behind the sand cay in 30 knot winds                

North of us, back in Neiafu, boats at anchor reported wind speeds of 40 knots accompanied by lightening. At the sand cay off Tatafa Island, the sky was constantly illuminated by lightening during the night of November 7, but we received no bolts and only distant thunder.

Overall, those of us at anchor near land fared better than those at sea. Depending on where they were in relation to the path of the cyclone, different boats experienced different conditions from three to four meter seas in 25-30 knot winds to five to ten meter seas in 40-50 knot winds. Gusts in the 70 knot range were reported both at sea and further south in Tongatapu.

Many boats at sea en route to New Zealand sustained damage. One boat lost its forestay. On another vessel, ports broke and had to be boarded up in order to avoid the intrusion of sea water into the cabin.  We heard several boats report that they blew out their stays’ls (the sail often employed during rough weather), including one that also lost their propane tank and their ability to prepare warm food. Another boat’s autopilot broke down. But the worse situation encountered by any crew was when the boat Windigo rolled.

The first report we heard stated that the crew of two (whom we had chatted with several times in Neiafu) had boarded their life raft. Fortunately, this turned out not to be true, and the report was later amended to say that the crew had stayed onboard their vessel but had sustained injuries. We heard over the radio that at least one person on board had a concussion. The nearest vessel to them in the fleet, Adventure Bound (a more sturdily built vessel than Windigo) turned around and started bashing back to weather in horrendous conditions in order to assist the disabled crew. A New Zealand Navy ship and a commercial vessel were diverted to the scene to attempt a rescue. During this time Adventure Bound was asked to stand by until they arrived. New Zealand aircraft were also on the scene monitoring the situation and providing updated position reports throughout the ordeal. Windigo was too far offshore for a helicopter to reach and effect a rescue. After arriving at Windigo’s position, Adventure Bound reported observing a total of six aircraft flying over. Obviously, no resources were spared in coming to the aid of the injured crew.

Thankfully, both Windigo and Adventure Bound crews survived the ordeal. Windigo’s crew was rescued and transported to New Zealand for medical care. Windigo was not scuttled---perhaps its crew will be able to salvage it at some point---and became a navigational hazard for the rest of the southbound fleet. The position of the drifting hull was widely reported over the radio. The assisting vessel, Adventure Bound, sustained damage of their own when they came to the rescue:  Their wind vane steering mechanism broke and they lost their wind generator. When the rescue was complete and the Windigo crew was receiving medical attention, the Adventure Bound crew wisely hove to and rested up before contemplating their next move. After over 36 hours partly spent traveling to the scene, engaging in endless radio communications with all parties involved, and standing by at the scene should he and his shipmate need to attempt the rescue themselves, the exhaustion was evident in the voice of Adventure Bound skipper, Bruce. Bruce joked over the radio that he was going to change the name of his vessel to a more delicate-sounding name like Ladybug* so he wouldn’t be called upon in this manner again. Another skipper on frequency suggested instead the well-earned epigram of Homeward Bound. Truly a job well done, Adventure Bound!

It was very heart-warming to follow the drama at sea from a distance as the cruising fleet pulled together---with the help of Gulf Harbour Radio and other Ham operators---to support the vessels that had the misfortune to be underway during the tropical depression.    

(*No offense to the actual Ladybug, whose skipper is himself an extremely skillful sailor.)

Church in Tonga

I've attended two church services while in Tonga. Although I am not a regular church goer at home, I wanted to attend a Tongan service to hear the legendary singing of the choir. I had also received some bad news from home, and I thought church not a bad space to send some loving thoughts out towards my family. I do not consider this behavior hypocritical because in my view, if there is a god, he/she/it would welcome anyone into his/her/its house at any time. In fact, one of the things that alienated me from the Catholic church (the religion I was brought up with) was the image of a wrathful god metering out judgment and the polarized world view that image engendered. People are either good or bad, saints or sinners; and when you die, you go to heaven, hell, or purgatory. As an adult, I have learned that I don’t believe in any of those things. While most villages house a large Catholic church, we attended the “local” Tongan church, a Wesleyan branch.

While visiting the village of Falevai near Port Maurelle on a Saturday, a local woman invited us to church on Sunday. We did return to the village for church the next day. We had made prints of the pictures we took of the Tongan woman and her children and brought them along with us to give to her. As we have seen elsewhere, although the village was small, it had multiple churches. As we arrived for our service at the Wesleyan church, which started at 10:00 a.m., we could hear the singing from at least one other church that was already in session. There are really no words that can describe the Tongan singing in a church service. While the villagers may be materially poor, the richness of their spirit radiates through their singing. Tongan church singing is the definition of rejoicing.

Church in Tonga is a formal event. Everyone comes dressed in their Sunday best, which, for the men and women include the pandanus waist mat---called a ta’ovala---worn as a sign of respect in Tonga. In Neiafu, despite the heat, men wore button down shirts and suit coats over tupenu, men’s wraparound skirts which are worn past the knee, and ta’ovalo; and women were dressed in long skirts, blouses, and ta’ovalo. Many women fanned themselves with pandanus fans during the service. Black seemed to be the dominant color among the formal dress of men and women in Tonga. Children---even the youngest baby present---were dressed more colorfully in elaborate gowns or party dresses as if for a formal occasion such as a wedding.  

The members of the choir sit in the rows of pews in the middle of the church. In Falevai, the choir members wore red scarves around their necks, but I didn’t see this in Neiafu. The choir’s part in the service is carefully orchestrated and led by a choir leader with a tuning pipe. Tongans seem to have perfect pitch and the strength of their voices resonates loudly within the church and beyond. The church on Falevai was very austere but had amazing acoustics, rendering the choir awe-inspiring and the sermon intimidating.

Another interesting aspect of the Wesleyan service is that in both local Tongan churches I attended (Neiafu and Falevai), there was a church elder whose role in the service consisted of a “call and response” type affirmation of the minister. As the minister was going through the Bible readings for the day, this church elder would periodically call out, “’Io!” (Yes!) or “Malo!” (Thank you!)  I noticed only one member in each church had this role. In addition to the minister, one member of each church also performed a separate reading. I like how the congregation was included in the service.

There were some differences between the large church I attended on Neaifu and the small congregation at Falevai. In Falevai, all the children sat in the pews on the right side of the church with respectful behavior, while at Neiafu, children wandering in and out of the service and changing pews to sit with someone else during the service were tolerated, as long as they remained quiet. Men and women’s seating was strictly segregated in Falevai (I supposed so people could focus on holy thoughts…), while in Neaifu, it seemed okay to break the strict segregation of genders when late-comers needed a place to sit.

At the end of the service in the small village of Falevai, Patrick and I were welcomed as visitors by the choir leader and were asked to introduce ourselves to the congregation.

After mass, the choir leader came up to talk to us. By the time he was finished, another activity (perhaps Sunday school?) was in session in the church. Some of the members of the congregation had left, while others---including the woman we had brought the pictures for---remained behind. I didn’t know if it would be rude to interrupt the current activity to hand our friend the envelope containing the pictures, so I asked the choir leader about that. He said, “I will give them to her.” As I left the church, I saw the choir leader rifling through the contents of the envelope I had prepared with the photographs and then handing the woman only some partial contents. That left me with a distasteful feeling. I regretted not simply handing the woman the envelope myself.

As we walked back through the village, we met a very friendly Tongan woman we had seen in church. She was the person who told us their church was a Wesleyan branch. She also explained to us the contents of that day’s sermon, since she knew we couldn’t understand it. The gist of it was that people should renounce material goods and the ways of merchants and focus on spiritual life with Jesus. On one hand, I could interpret this message being delivered to a very poor congregation as a way of making peace with the way things are; on the other hand, I have to wonder if it keeps people from striving for a higher standard of living?